According to Research, the global market for Microduct Connectors and End Stops should grow from US$ million in 2022 to US$ million by 2029, with a CAGR of % for the period of 2023-2029.

By country, China accounted for percent of the global market last year and China’s market share increased from percent to percent. China Microduct Connectors and End Stops market should grow from US$ million in 2022 to US$ million by 2029, with a CAGR of % for the period of 2023-2029. The United States Microduct Connectors and End Stops market should grow from US$ million in 2022 to US$ million by 2029, with a CAGR of % for the period of 2023-2029.

By segment, Electrification grew percent to account for percent of the total market sales, and Transmission Network Development grew percent.

This report studies and analyses global Microduct Connectors and End Stops status and future trends, helps the client to determine the Microduct Connectors and End Stops market size of the total market opportunity by Type, by Application, by company, and by region & country. This report is a detailed and comprehensive analysis of the world market for Microduct Connectors and End Stops, and provides market size (in Million Units & US$ million) and Year-over-Year growth, considering 2022 as the base year.

For a more in-depth understanding of the market, the report provides profiles of the competitive landscape, key competitors, and their respective market ranks. The report also discusses technological trends and new product developments.

To assess the competitive environment within the market including supplier revenue, market share, and company profiles.

Highlights

(1) Global Microduct Connectors and End Stops market size, history data 2018-2023, and forecast data 2024 -2029, (US$ million) & (Million Units)

(2) Global Microduct Connectors and End Stops sales, revenue, price by company, market share and industry ranking 2018-2023, (US$ million) & (Million Units)

(3) China Microduct Connectors and End Stops sales, revenue, price by company, market share and industry ranking 2018-2023, (US$ million) & (Million Units)

(4) Global Microduct Connectors and End Stops key consuming regions, consumption quantity, consumption value and demand structure

(5) Global Microduct Connectors and End Stops key producing regions, capacity, production, and year over year growth

(6) Microduct Connectors and End Stops industry chains, upstream, midstream and downstream

Market segment by players, this report covers

Hexatronic

Camozzi Automation

Fibrain Group

Preformed Line Products

Prysmian Group

Dura Line

Huiyuan Optical

PPC Broadband

Optomer

Anfkom Telecom

Fiber Cable Solution Technology

Yoefit

XHnotion Pneumatic

Market segment by Type, covers

Connectors

End Stops

Market segment by Application, can be divided into

Electrification

Transmission Network Development

Telecoms

Automotive

Construction

Others

Market segment by regions, regional analysis covers

North America (United States, Canada, and Mexico)

Europe (Germany, France, UK, Russia, Italy, and Rest of Europe)

Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, South Korea, India, Southeast Asia, Australia, and Rest of Asia-Pacific)

South America (Brazil, Rest of South America)

Middle East & Africa

Report Includes:

Chapter 1: to describe Microduct Connectors and End Stops product scope, global sales quantity, value and average price, China sales quantity, value and average price, development opportunities, challenges, trends, and policies.

Chapter 2: Global Microduct Connectors and End Stops market share and ranking of major manufacturers, sales quantity, revenue, average price, 2018-2023

Chapter 3: China Microduct Connectors and End Stops market share and ranking of major manufacturers, sales quantity, revenue, average price, 2018-2023

Chapter 4: Global key producing regions of Microduct Connectors and End Stops, percent & CAGR, 2018-2029

Chapter 5: Microduct Connectors and End Stops industry chain, upstream, medium-stream, and downstream.

Chapter 6: Segment by Type, sales quantity, average price, consumption value, percent & CAGR, 2018-2029

Chapter 7: Segment by Application, sales quantity, average price, consumption value, percent & CAGR, 2018-2029

Chapter 8: Segment in regional level, sales quantity, average price, consumption value, percent & CAGR, 2018-2029

Chapter 9: Segment in country level, sales quantity, average price, consumption value, percent & CAGR, 2018-2029

Chapter 10: Company profile, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product specifications, application, recent development, sales quantity, average price, revenue, gross margin.

Chapter 11: Conclusions

1 Market Overview

1.1 Microduct Connectors and End Stops Definition

1.2 Global Microduct Connectors and End Stops Market Size and Forecast

1.2.1 By Consumption Value, Global Microduct Connectors and End Stops Market Size，2018-2029

1.2.2 By Sales Quantity, Global Microduct Connectors and End Stops Market Size，2018-2029

1.2.3 Global Microduct Connectors and End Stops Average Selling Price (ASP)，2018-2029

1.3 China Microduct Connectors and End Stops Market Size and Forecast

1.3.1 By Consumption Value, China Microduct Connectors and End Stops Market Size，2018-2029

1.3.2 By Sales Quantity, China Microduct Connectors and End Stops Market Size，2018-2029

1.3.3 China Microduct Connectors and End Stops Average Selling Price (ASP)， 2018-2029

1.4 Share of China Microduct Connectors and End Stops Market with Respect to the Global Market

1.4.1 By Consumption Value, China Microduct Connectors and End Stops Market Share in Global, 2018-2029

1.4.2 By Sales Quantity, China Microduct Connectors and End Stops Market Share in Global, 2018-2029

1.4.3 Microduct Connectors and End Stops Market Size: China VS Global, 2018-2029

1.5 Microduct Connectors and End Stops Market Dynamics

1.5.1 Microduct Connectors and End Stops Market Drivers

1.5.2 Microduct Connectors and End Stops Market Restraints

1.5.3 Microduct Connectors and End Stops Industry Trends

1.5.4 Microduct Connectors and End Stops Industry Policy

2 Global Leading Manufacturers and Market Share

2.1 By Revenue of Microduct Connectors and End Stops, Global Market Share by Company, 2018-2023

2.2 By Sales Quantity of Microduct Connectors and End Stops, Global Market Share by Company, 2018-2023

2.3 Microduct Connectors and End Stops Average Selling Price (ASP) by Company, 2018-2023

2.4 Global Microduct Connectors and End Stops Participants, Market Position (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3)

2.5 Global Microduct Connectors and End Stops Concentration Ratio

2.6 Global Microduct Connectors and End Stops Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans

2.7 Global Microduct Connectors and End Stops Manufacturers Product Type

2.8 Head Office and Microduct Connectors and End Stops Production Site of Key Manufacturer

2.9 Microduct Connectors and End Stops Capacity of Major Manufacturers and Future Plan

3 China Leading Manufacturers and Market Share

3.1 By Revenue of Microduct Connectors and End Stops, China Market Share by Company, 2018-2023

3.2 By Sales Quantity of Microduct Connectors and End Stops, China Market Share by Company, 2018-2023

3.3 China Microduct Connectors and End Stops Participants, Market Position (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3)

4 Global Producing Regions

4.1 Global Microduct Connectors and End Stops Capacity, Output and Capacity Utilization, 2018-2029

4.2 Global Microduct Connectors and End Stops Capacity by Region

4.3 Global Microduct Connectors and End Stops Production & Forecast by Region, 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029

4.4 Global Microduct Connectors and End Stops Production by Region, 2018-2029

4.5 Global Microduct Connectors and End Stops Production Market Share & Forecast by Region, 2018-2029

5 Industry Chain Analysis

5.1 Microduct Connectors and End Stops Industry Chain

5.2 Microduct Connectors and End Stops Upstream Analysis

5.2.1 Microduct Connectors and End Stops Core Raw Materials

5.2.2 Main Manufacturers of Microduct Connectors and End Stops Core Raw Materials

5.3 Midstream Analysis

5.4 Downstream Analysis

5.5 Microduct Connectors and End Stops Production Mode

5.6 Microduct Connectors and End Stops Procurement Model

5.7 Microduct Connectors and End Stops Industry Sales Model and Sales Channels

5.7.1 Microduct Connectors and End Stops Sales Model

5.7.2 Microduct Connectors and End Stops Typical Distributors

6 Sights by Type

6.1 Microduct Connectors and End Stops Classification

6.1.1 Connectors

6.1.2 End Stops

6.2 By Type, Global Microduct Connectors and End Stops Consumption Value & CAGR, 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029

6.3 By Type, Global Microduct Connectors and End Stops Consumption Value, 2018-2029

6.4 By Type, Global Microduct Connectors and End Stops Sales Quantity, 2018-2029

6.5 By Type, Global Microduct Connectors and End Stops Average Selling Price (ASP), 2018-2029

7 Sights by Application

7.1 Microduct Connectors and End Stops Segment by Application

7.1.1 Electrification

7.1.2 Transmission Network Development

7.1.3 Telecoms

7.1.4 Automotive

7.1.5 Construction

7.1.6 Others

7.2 By Application, Global Microduct Connectors and End Stops Consumption Value & CAGR, 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029

7.3 By Application, Global Microduct Connectors and End Stops Consumption Value, 2018-2029

7.4 By Application, Global Microduct Connectors and End Stops Sales Quantity, 2018-2029

7.5 By Application, Global Microduct Connectors and End Stops Price, 2018-2029

8 Sales Sights by Region

8.1 By Region, Global Microduct Connectors and End Stops Consumption Value, 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029

8.2 By Region, Global Microduct Connectors and End Stops Consumption Value, 2018-2029

8.3 By Region, Global Microduct Connectors and End Stops Sales Quantity, 2018-2029

8.4 North America

8.4.1 North America Microduct Connectors and End Stops & Forecasts, 2018-2029

8.4.2 By Country, North America Microduct Connectors and End Stops Market Size Market Share

8.5 Europe

8.5.1 Europe Microduct Connectors and End Stops Market Size & Forecasts, 2018-2029

8.5.2 By Country, Europe Microduct Connectors and End Stops Market Size Market Share

8.6 Asia Pacific

8.6.1 Asia Pacific Microduct Connectors and End Stops Market Size & Forecasts, 2018-2029

8.6.2 By Country/Region, Asia Pacific Microduct Connectors and End Stops Market Size Market Share

8.7 South America

8.7.1 South America Microduct Connectors and End Stops Market Size & Forecasts, 2018-2029

8.7.2 By Country, South America Microduct Connectors and End Stops Market Size Market Share

8.8 Middle East & Africa

9 Sales Sights by Country Level

9.1 By Country, Global Microduct Connectors and End Stops Market Size & CAGR, 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029

9.2 By Country, Global Microduct Connectors and End Stops Consumption Value, 2018-2029

9.3 By Country, Global Microduct Connectors and End Stops Sales Quantity, 2018-2029

9.4 U.S.

9.4.1 U.S. Microduct Connectors and End Stops Market Size, 2018-2029

9.4.2 By Type, U.S. Microduct Connectors and End Stops Sales Quantity Market Share, 2022 VS 2029

9.4.3 By Application, U.S. Microduct Connectors and End Stops Sales Quantity Market Share, 2022 VS 2029

9.5 Europe

9.5.1 Europe Microduct Connectors and End Stops Market Size, 2018-2029

9.5.2 By Type, Europe Microduct Connectors and End Stops Sales Quantity Market Share, 2022 VS 2029

9.5.3 By Application, Europe Microduct Connectors and End Stops Sales Quantity Market Share, 2022 VS 2029

9.6 China

9.6.1 China Microduct Connectors and End Stops Market Size, 2018-2029

9.6.2 By Type, China Microduct Connectors and End Stops Sales Quantity Market Share, 2022 VS 2029

9.6.3 By Application, China Microduct Connectors and End Stops Sales Quantity Market Share, 2022 VS 2029

9.7 Japan

9.7.1 Japan Microduct Connectors and End Stops Market Size, 2018-2029

9.7.2 By Type, Japan Microduct Connectors and End Stops Sales Quantity Market Share, 2022 VS 2029

9.7.3 By Application, Japan Microduct Connectors and End Stops Sales Quantity Market Share, 2022 VS 2029

9.8 South Korea

9.8.1 South Korea Microduct Connectors and End Stops Market Size, 2018-2029

9.8.2 By Type, South Korea Microduct Connectors and End Stops Sales Quantity Market Share, 2022 VS 2029

9.8.3 By Application, South Korea Microduct Connectors and End Stops Sales Quantity Market Share, 2022 VS 2029

9.9 Southeast Asia

9.9.1 Southeast Asia Microduct Connectors and End Stops Market Size, 2018-2029

9.9.2 By Type, Southeast Asia Microduct Connectors and End Stops Sales Quantity Market Share, 2022 VS 2029

9.9.3 By Application, Southeast Asia Microduct Connectors and End Stops Sales Quantity Market Share, 2022 VS 2029

9.10 India

9.10.1 India Microduct Connectors and End Stops Market Size, 2018-2029

9.10.2 By Type, India Microduct Connectors and End Stops Sales Quantity Market Share, 2022 VS 2029

9.10.3 By Application, India Microduct Connectors and End Stops Sales Quantity Market Share, 2022 VS 2029

9.11 Middle East & Africa

9.11.1 Middle East & Africa Microduct Connectors and End Stops Market Size, 2018-2029

9.11.2 By Type, Middle East & Africa Microduct Connectors and End Stops Sales Quantity Market Share, 2022 VS 2029

9.11.3 By Application, Middle East & Africa Microduct Connectors and End Stops Sales Quantity Market Share, 2022 VS 2029

10 Manufacturers Profile

10.1 Hexatronic

10.1.1 Hexatronic Company Information, Head Office, Market Area, and Industry Position

10.1.2 Hexatronic Microduct Connectors and End Stops Models, Specifications, and Application

10.1.3 Hexatronic Microduct Connectors and End Stops Sales Quantity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

10.1.4 Hexatronic Company Profile and Main Business

10.1.5 Hexatronic Recent Developments

10.2 Camozzi Automation

10.2.1 Camozzi Automation Company Information, Head Office, Market Area, and Industry Position

10.2.2 Camozzi Automation Microduct Connectors and End Stops Models, Specifications, and Application

10.2.3 Camozzi Automation Microduct Connectors and End Stops Sales Quantity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

10.2.4 Camozzi Automation Company Profile and Main Business

10.2.5 Camozzi Automation Recent Developments

10.3 Fibrain Group

10.3.1 Fibrain Group Company Information, Head Office, Market Area, and Industry Position

10.3.2 Fibrain Group Microduct Connectors and End Stops Models, Specifications, and Application

10.3.3 Fibrain Group Microduct Connectors and End Stops Sales Quantity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

10.3.4 Fibrain Group Company Profile and Main Business

10.3.5 Fibrain Group Recent Developments

10.4 Preformed Line Products

10.4.1 Preformed Line Products Company Information, Head Office, Market Area, and Industry Position

10.4.2 Preformed Line Products Microduct Connectors and End Stops Models, Specifications, and Application

10.4.3 Preformed Line Products Microduct Connectors and End Stops Sales Quantity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

10.4.4 Preformed Line Products Company Profile and Main Business

10.4.5 Preformed Line Products Recent Developments

10.5 Prysmian Group

10.5.1 Prysmian Group Company Information, Head Office, Market Area, and Industry Position

10.5.2 Prysmian Group Microduct Connectors and End Stops Models, Specifications, and Application

10.5.3 Prysmian Group Microduct Connectors and End Stops Sales Quantity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

10.5.4 Prysmian Group Company Profile and Main Business

10.5.5 Prysmian Group Recent Developments

10.6 Dura Line

10.6.1 Dura Line Company Information, Head Office, Market Area, and Industry Position

10.6.2 Dura Line Microduct Connectors and End Stops Models, Specifications, and Application

10.6.3 Dura Line Microduct Connectors and End Stops Sales Quantity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

10.6.4 Dura Line Company Profile and Main Business

10.6.5 Dura Line Recent Developments

10.7 Huiyuan Optical

10.7.1 Huiyuan Optical Company Information, Head Office, Market Area, and Industry Position

10.7.2 Huiyuan Optical Microduct Connectors and End Stops Models, Specifications, and Application

10.7.3 Huiyuan Optical Microduct Connectors and End Stops Sales Quantity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

10.7.4 Huiyuan Optical Company Profile and Main Business

10.7.5 Huiyuan Optical Recent Developments

10.8 PPC Broadband

10.8.1 PPC Broadband Company Information, Head Office, Market Area, and Industry Position

10.8.2 PPC Broadband Microduct Connectors and End Stops Models, Specifications, and Application

10.8.3 PPC Broadband Microduct Connectors and End Stops Sales Quantity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

10.8.4 PPC Broadband Company Profile and Main Business

10.8.5 PPC Broadband Recent Developments

10.9 Optomer

10.9.1 Optomer Company Information, Head Office, Market Area, and Industry Position

10.9.2 Optomer Microduct Connectors and End Stops Models, Specifications, and Application

10.9.3 Optomer Microduct Connectors and End Stops Sales Quantity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

10.9.4 Optomer Company Profile and Main Business

10.9.5 Optomer Recent Developments

10.10 Anfkom Telecom

10.10.1 Anfkom Telecom Company Information, Head Office, Market Area, and Industry Position

10.10.2 Anfkom Telecom Microduct Connectors and End Stops Models, Specifications, and Application

10.10.3 Anfkom Telecom Microduct Connectors and End Stops Sales Quantity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

10.10.4 Anfkom Telecom Company Profile and Main Business

10.10.5 Anfkom Telecom Recent Developments

10.11 Fiber Cable Solution Technology

10.11.1 Fiber Cable Solution Technology Company Information, Head Office, Market Area, and Industry Position

10.11.2 Fiber Cable Solution Technology Microduct Connectors and End Stops Models, Specifications, and Application

10.11.3 Fiber Cable Solution Technology Microduct Connectors and End Stops Sales Quantity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

10.11.4 Fiber Cable Solution Technology Company Profile and Main Business

10.11.5 Fiber Cable Solution Technology Recent Developments

10.12 Yoefit

10.12.1 Yoefit Company Information, Head Office, Market Area, and Industry Position

10.12.2 Yoefit Microduct Connectors and End Stops Models, Specifications, and Application

10.12.3 Yoefit Microduct Connectors and End Stops Sales Quantity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

10.12.4 Yoefit Company Profile and Main Business

10.12.5 Yoefit Recent Developments

10.13 XHnotion Pneumatic

10.13.1 XHnotion Pneumatic Company Information, Head Office, Market Area, and Industry Position

10.13.2 XHnotion Pneumatic Microduct Connectors and End Stops Models, Specifications, and Application

10.13.3 XHnotion Pneumatic Microduct Connectors and End Stops Sales Quantity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

10.13.4 XHnotion Pneumatic Company Profile and Main Business

10.13.5 XHnotion Pneumatic Recent Developments

11 Conclusion

12 Appendix

12.1 Research Methodology

12.2 Data Source

12.2.1 Secondary Sources

12.2.2 Primary Sources

12.3 Market Estimation Model

12.4 Disclaimer

Methodology/Research Approach

This research study involved the extensive usage of both primary and secondary data sources. The research process involved the study of various factors affecting the industry, including the government policy, market environment, competitive landscape, historical data, present trends in the market, technological innovation, upcoming technologies and the technical progress in related industry, and market risks, opportunities, market barriers and challenges. The following illustrative figure shows the market research methodology applied in this report.

Research Programs/Design

Historical Data (2015-2019)	Industry Trends Competitive Landscape By Company Expansion Mergers and Acquisitions Market Segment by Type by Application By Regions/ Geography	Value Status and Outlook Value for Major Players Market Share Growth Rate Present Situation Analysis Value Market Share Growth Rate Present Situation Analysis
Influencing Factors	Market Environment Government Policy Technological Changes Market Risks	Market Drivers Growing Demand of Downstream Reduction in Cost
Market Forecast (2021-2026)	Overall Size by Type by Application By Regions/Geography	Key Data (Value) Market Share Growth Rate CAGR (2021-2026)

Market Size Estimation

Top-down and bottom-up approaches are used to validate the global Voluntary Carbon Offset market size market and estimate the market size for Company, regions segments, product segments and Application (end users).

The market estimations in this report are based on the marketed sale price of Voluntary Carbon Offset (excluding any discounts provided by the player, distributor, wholesaler or traders). The percentage splits, market share, and breakdowns of the product segments are derived on the basis of weights assigned to each of the segments on the basis of their utilization rate and average sale price. The regional splits of the overall Voluntary Carbon Offset market and its sub-segments are based on the percentage adoption or utilization of the given product in the respective region or country.

Major Company in the market is identified through secondary research and their market revenues determined through primary and secondary research. Secondary research included the research of the annual and financial reports of the top Company; whereas, primary research included extensive interviews of key opinion leaders and industry experts such as experienced front-line staff, directors, CEOs and marketing executives. The percentage splits, market share, Growth Rate and breakdowns of the product markets are determined through using secondary sources and verified through the primary sources.

All possible factors that influence the markets included in this research study have been accounted for, viewed in extensive detail, verified through primary research, and analyzed to get the final quantitative and qualitative data. The market size for top-level markets and sub-segments is normalized, and the effect of inflation, economic downturns, and regulatory & policy changes or other factors are not accounted for in the market forecast. This data is combined and added with detailed inputs and analysis from Market Intellix and presented in this report

The following figure shows an illustrative representation of the overall market size estimation process used for this study.

Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation

After complete market engineering with calculations for market statistics; market size estimations; market forecasting; market breakdown; and data triangulation, extensive primary research was conducted to gather information and verify and validate the critical numbers arrived at. In the complete market engineering process, both top-down and bottom-up approaches were extensively used, along with several data triangulation methods, to perform market estimation and market forecasting for the overall market segments and sub-segments listed in this report. Extensive qualitative and further quantitative analysis is also done from all the numbers arrived at in the complete market engineering process to list key information throughout the report.

Data Source

Secondary Sources

Secondary sources include such as press releases, annual reports, non-profit organizations, industry associations, governmental agencies and customs data, etc. This research study involves the usage of widespread secondary sources, directories, databases such as Bloomberg Business, Wind Info, Hoovers, Factiva (Dow Jones & Company), and TRADING ECONOMICS, and News Network, statista, Federal Reserve Economic Data, annual reports, BIS Statistics, ICIS; company house documents; CAS(American Chemical Society); investor presentations; and SEC filings of companies. Secondary research was used to identify and collect information useful for the extensive, technical, market-oriented, and Hospitals study of the Voluntary Carbon Offset market. It was also used to obtain important information about the top companies, market classification and segmentation according to industry trends to the bottom-most level, and key developments related to market and technology perspectives.

Market Size	Segmental value Geographic Penetration Product Adoption Rate for Different market	Journals, Websites, and Press Releases Annual Reports and SEC Filings Company Websites and Press Releases Public and Paid Databases Market Intellix Data Repository
Market Position of Top Company	Product Financials Geographic value Mix Total Company value Business/Segmental value Mix
Qualitative Analysis	Influence Factors Market Potential Market Risks and Opportunities Industry Trends Geographical Features Government Policies	Company Websites and Press Releases Public and Paid Databases Annual Reports Industry Associations Market Intellix Data Repository

Primary Sources

In the primary research process, various sources from both the supply and demand sides were interviewed to obtain qualitative and quantitative information for this report. The primary sources from the supply side include product Company (and their competitors), opinion leaders, industry experts, research institutions, distributors, dealer and traders, as well as the raw materials suppliers and producers, etc.

The primary sources from the demand side include industry experts such as business leaders, marketing and sales directors, technology and innovation directors, supply chain executive, end use (product buyers), and related key executives from various key companies and organizations operating in the global market.

Primary research was conducted to identify segmentation Type, product price range, product Application, key Company, raw materials supply and the downstream demand, industry status and outlook, and key market dynamics such as risks, influence factors, opportunities, market barriers, industry trends, and key player strategies.

Key Executives Interviewed

Key Data Information from Primary Sources

Primary Sources	Parameters	Key Data
Market Segments(by Application, by Type)	Value by Type Status and Forecast Value by Application Value by Regions, Status and Forecast (2021-2026)	Value Market Share by Type Value Growth Rate by Type Value by Application Percentage and Growth Rate by Application Value Growth Rate and Market Share by Regions Market Size Status and Forecast (2021-2026)
Total Market	Overall Size, Status and Forecast	Market Size Status and Forecast (2021-2026)