Table 1. Vitamin A for Cosmetics Market Size & CAGR: China VS Global, 2018-2029, US$ Million

Table 2. Vitamin A for Cosmetics Market Restraints

Table 3. Vitamin A for Cosmetics Market Trends

Table 4. Vitamin A for Cosmetics Industry Policy

Table 5. Global Vitamin A for Cosmetics Revenue by Company, 2018-2023, US$ million

Table 6. Global Vitamin A for Cosmetics Revenue Market Share by Company, 2018-2023

Table 7. Global Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume by Company, 2018-2023, (Tons)

Table 8. Global Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume Market Share by Company, 2018-2023

Table 9. Global Vitamin A for Cosmetics Price by Company, 2018-2023, (US$/Ton)

Table 10. Global Vitamin A for Cosmetics Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR3 and HHI)

Table 11. Global Vitamin A for Cosmetics Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans

Table 12. Global Vitamin A for Cosmetics Manufacturers Product Type

Table 13. China Vitamin A for Cosmetics Revenue by Company, 2018-2023, US$ million

Table 14. China Vitamin A for Cosmetics Revenue Market Share by Company, 2018-2023

Table 15. China Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume by Company, 2018-2023, (Tons)

Table 16. China Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume Market Share by Company, 2018-2023

Table 17. China Market, Vitamin A for Cosmetics Production, Sales, Import and Export, 2018-2029, (Tons)

Table 18. China Vitamin A for Cosmetics Import & Export Trends

Table 19. Main Sources of China Vitamin A for Cosmetics Import

Table 20. Export Destination of China Vitamin A for Cosmetics

Table 21. Global Headquarters and Manufacturing Base of Vitamin A for Cosmetics Manufacturers

Table 22. Global Major Manufacturers, Vitamin A for Cosmetics Capacity Expansion and Future Plans

Table 23. Global Vitamin A for Cosmetics Production & Forecast by Region, 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029, (Tons)

Table 24. Global Vitamin A for Cosmetics Production by Region, 2018-2023, (Tons)

Table 25. Global Vitamin A for Cosmetics Production Forecast by Region, 2023-2029, (Tons)

Table 26. Global Key Players of Vitamin A for Cosmetics Upstream (Raw Materials)

Table 27. Global Vitamin A for Cosmetics Typical Customers

Table 28. Vitamin A for Cosmetics Typical Distributors

Table 29. By Type, Global Vitamin A for Cosmetics Revenue & CAGR, 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029, US$ Million

Table 30. By Application, Global Vitamin A for Cosmetics Revenue & CAGR, 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029, US$ Million

Table 31. By Region, Global Vitamin A for Cosmetics Market Size, 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029, US$ Million

Table 32. By Region, Global Vitamin A for Cosmetics Revenue, 2018-2029, US$ Million

Table 33. By Region, Global Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume, 2018-2029, (Tons)

Table 34. By Country, Global Vitamin A for Cosmetics Revenue & CAGR，2018 VS 2022 VS 2029, US$ Million

Table 35. By Country, Global Vitamin A for Cosmetics Revenue, 2018-2029, US$ Million

Table 36. By Country, Global Vitamin A for Cosmetics Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029

Table 37. By Country, Global Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume, 2018-2029, (Tons)

Table 38. By Country, Global Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume Market Share, 2018-2029

Table 39. NIKKOL GROUP Company Information, Head Office, Market Area and Industry Position

Table 40. NIKKOL GROUP Vitamin A for Cosmetics Models, Specifications and Application

Table 41. NIKKOL GROUP Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

Table 42. NIKKOL GROUP Company Profile and Main Business

Table 43. NIKKOL GROUP Recent Developments

Table 44. Uniproma Chemical Company Information, Head Office, Market Area and Industry Position

Table 45. Uniproma Chemical Vitamin A for Cosmetics Models, Specifications and Application

Table 46. Uniproma Chemical Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

Table 47. Uniproma Chemical Company Profile and Main Business

Table 48. Uniproma Chemical Recent Developments

Table 49. BASF Company Information, Head Office, Market Area and Industry Position

Table 50. BASF Vitamin A for Cosmetics Models, Specifications and Application

Table 51. BASF Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

Table 52. BASF Company Profile and Main Business

Table 53. BASF Recent Developments

Table 54. BIOLIE Company Information, Head Office, Market Area and Industry Position

Table 55. BIOLIE Vitamin A for Cosmetics Models, Specifications and Application

Table 56. BIOLIE Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

Table 57. BIOLIE Company Profile and Main Business

Table 58. BIOLIE Recent Developments

Table 59. Berg & Schmidt Company Information, Head Office, Market Area and Industry Position

Table 60. Berg & Schmidt Vitamin A for Cosmetics Models, Specifications and Application

Table 61. Berg & Schmidt Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

Table 62. Berg & Schmidt Company Profile and Main Business

Table 63. Berg & Schmidt Recent Developments

Table 64. Biocosmethic Company Information, Head Office, Market Area and Industry Position

Table 65. Biocosmethic Vitamin A for Cosmetics Models, Specifications and Application

Table 66. Biocosmethic Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

Table 67. Biocosmethic Company Profile and Main Business

Table 68. Biocosmethic Recent Developments

Table 69. Biogründl Company Information, Head Office, Market Area and Industry Position

Table 70. Biogründl Vitamin A for Cosmetics Models, Specifications and Application

Table 71. Biogründl Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

Table 72. Biogründl Company Profile and Main Business

Table 73. Biogründl Recent Developments

Table 74. CDIP Company Information, Head Office, Market Area and Industry Position

Table 75. CDIP Vitamin A for Cosmetics Models, Specifications and Application

Table 76. CDIP Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

Table 77. CDIP Company Profile and Main Business

Table 78. CDIP Recent Developments

Table 79. Caribbean Natural Company Information, Head Office, Market Area and Industry Position

Table 80. Caribbean Natural Vitamin A for Cosmetics Models, Specifications and Application

Table 81. Caribbean Natural Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

Table 82. Caribbean Natural Company Profile and Main Business

Table 83. Caribbean Natural Recent Developments

Table 84. Clariant Company Information, Head Office, Market Area and Industry Position

Table 85. Clariant Vitamin A for Cosmetics Models, Specifications and Application

Table 86. Clariant Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

Table 87. Clariant Company Profile and Main Business

Table 88. Clariant Recent Developments

Table 89. Citróleo Group Company Information, Head Office, Market Area and Industry Position

Table 90. Citróleo Group Vitamin A for Cosmetics Models, Specifications and Application

Table 91. Citróleo Group Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

Table 92. Citróleo Group Company Profile and Main Business

Table 93. Citróleo Group Recent Developments

Table 94. Dermalab Company Information, Head Office, Market Area and Industry Position

Table 95. Dermalab Vitamin A for Cosmetics Models, Specifications and Application

Table 96. Dermalab Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

Table 97. Dermalab Company Profile and Main Business

Table 98. Dermalab Recent Developments

Table 99. Durae Corporation Company Information, Head Office, Market Area and Industry Position

Table 100. Durae Corporation Vitamin A for Cosmetics Models, Specifications and Application

Table 101. Durae Corporation Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

Table 102. Durae Corporation Company Profile and Main Business

Table 103. Durae Corporation Recent Developments

Table 104. Evonik Company Information, Head Office, Market Area and Industry Position

Table 105. Evonik Vitamin A for Cosmetics Models, Specifications and Application

Table 106. Evonik Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

Table 107. Evonik Company Profile and Main Business

Table 108. Evonik Recent Developments

Table 109. Fingredient Company Information, Head Office, Market Area and Industry Position

Table 110. Fingredient Vitamin A for Cosmetics Models, Specifications and Application

Table 111. Fingredient Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

Table 112. Fingredient Company Profile and Main Business

Table 113. Fingredient Recent Developments

Table 114. Fruit d'Or Nutraceuticals Company Information, Head Office, Market Area and Industry Position

Table 115. Fruit d'Or Nutraceuticals Vitamin A for Cosmetics Models, Specifications and Application

Table 116. Fruit d'Or Nutraceuticals Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

Table 117. Fruit d'Or Nutraceuticals Company Profile and Main Business

Table 118. Fruit d'Or Nutraceuticals Recent Developments

Table 119. GREENTECH Company Information, Head Office, Market Area and Industry Position

Table 120. GREENTECH Vitamin A for Cosmetics Models, Specifications and Application

Table 121. GREENTECH Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

Table 122. GREENTECH Company Profile and Main Business

Table 123. GREENTECH Recent Developments

Table 124. Givaudan Company Information, Head Office, Market Area and Industry Position

Table 125. Givaudan Vitamin A for Cosmetics Models, Specifications and Application

Table 126. Givaudan Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

Table 127. Givaudan Company Profile and Main Business

Table 128. Givaudan Recent Developments

Table 129. Grant Industries Company Information, Head Office, Market Area and Industry Position

Table 130. Grant Industries Vitamin A for Cosmetics Models, Specifications and Application

Table 131. Grant Industries Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

Table 132. Grant Industries Company Profile and Main Business

Table 133. Grant Industries Recent Developments

Table 134. Green Source Organics Company Information, Head Office, Market Area and Industry Position

Table 135. Green Source Organics Vitamin A for Cosmetics Models, Specifications and Application

Table 136. Green Source Organics Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

Table 137. Green Source Organics Company Profile and Main Business

Table 138. Green Source Organics Recent Developments

Table 139. I.R.A. Istituto Ricerche Applicate Company Information, Head Office, Market Area and Industry Position

Table 140. I.R.A. Istituto Ricerche Applicate Vitamin A for Cosmetics Models, Specifications and Application

Table 141. I.R.A. Istituto Ricerche Applicate Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

Table 142. I.R.A. Istituto Ricerche Applicate Company Profile and Main Business

Table 143. I.R.A. Istituto Ricerche Applicate Recent Developments

Table 144. Infinitec Company Information, Head Office, Market Area and Industry Position

Table 145. Infinitec Vitamin A for Cosmetics Models, Specifications and Application

Table 146. Infinitec Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

Table 147. Infinitec Company Profile and Main Business

Table 148. Infinitec Recent Developments

Table 149. Kyowa Chemical Industry Company Information, Head Office, Market Area and Industry Position

Table 150. Kyowa Chemical Industry Vitamin A for Cosmetics Models, Specifications and Application

Table 151. Kyowa Chemical Industry Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

Table 152. Kyowa Chemical Industry Company Profile and Main Business

Table 153. Kyowa Chemical Industry Recent Developments

Table 154. Lipomize Company Information, Head Office, Market Area and Industry Position

Table 155. Lipomize Vitamin A for Cosmetics Models, Specifications and Application

Table 156. Lipomize Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

Table 157. Lipomize Company Profile and Main Business

Table 158. Lipomize Recent Developments

Table 159. McKinley Resources Company Information, Head Office, Market Area and Industry Position

Table 160. McKinley Resources Vitamin A for Cosmetics Models, Specifications and Application

Table 161. McKinley Resources Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

Table 162. McKinley Resources Company Profile and Main Business

Table 163. McKinley Resources Recent Developments

Table 164. Nanovex Biotechnologies Company Information, Head Office, Market Area and Industry Position

Table 165. Nanovex Biotechnologies Vitamin A for Cosmetics Models, Specifications and Application

Table 166. Nanovex Biotechnologies Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

Table 167. Nanovex Biotechnologies Company Profile and Main Business

Table 168. Nanovex Biotechnologies Recent Developments

Table 169. Provital Company Information, Head Office, Market Area and Industry Position

Table 170. Provital Vitamin A for Cosmetics Models, Specifications and Application

Table 171. Provital Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

Table 172. Provital Company Profile and Main Business

Table 173. Provital Recent Developments

Table 174. Tagra biotechnologies Company Information, Head Office, Market Area and Industry Position

Table 175. Tagra biotechnologies Vitamin A for Cosmetics Models, Specifications and Application

Table 176. Tagra biotechnologies Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

Table 177. Tagra biotechnologies Company Profile and Main Business

Table 178. Tagra biotechnologies Recent Developments

Table 179. Vantage Company Information, Head Office, Market Area and Industry Position

Table 180. Vantage Vitamin A for Cosmetics Models, Specifications and Application

Table 181. Vantage Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Ton) and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

Table 182. Vantage Company Profile and Main Business

Table 183. Vantage Recent Developments

List of Figure

Figure 1. Vitamin A for Cosmetics Picture

Figure 2. By Revenue, Global Vitamin A for Cosmetics Market Size and Forecast, 2018-2029, US$ Million

Figure 3. By Sales Volume, Global Vitamin A for Cosmetics Market Size and Forecast, 2018-2029, (Tons)

Figure 4. Global Vitamin A for Cosmetics Price Trend, 2018-2029, (US$/Ton)

Figure 5. By Revenue, China Vitamin A for Cosmetics Market Size and Forecast, 2018-2029, US$ million

Figure 6. By Sales Volume, China Vitamin A for Cosmetics Market Size and Forecast, 2018-2029, (Tons)

Figure 7. China Vitamin A for Cosmetics Price Trend, 2018-2029 (US$/Ton)

Figure 8. By Revenue, China Vitamin A for Cosmetics Share of Global Market, 2018-2029

Figure 9. By Sales Volume, China Vitamin A for Cosmetics Share of Global Market, 2018-2029

Figure 10. Global Vitamin A for Cosmetics Key Participants, Market Share, 2021 VS 2022 VS 2023

Figure 11. Global Vitamin A for Cosmetics Market Share by Company, (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3), 2022

Figure 12. China Vitamin A for Cosmetics Key Participants, Market Share, 2021 VS 2022 VS 2023

Figure 13. China Vitamin A for Cosmetics Key Participants, Market Share, 2021 VS 2022 VS 2023

Figure 14. China Vitamin A for Cosmetics Revenue, Domestic VS Import Products, Proportion of China Local Players and Foreign Players, 2018-2023

Figure 15. Chinese Local Players, Proportion of Vitamin A for Cosmetics Domestic VS Export, 2022

Figure 16. Global Vitamin A for Cosmetics Capacity, Production and Capacity Utilization, 2018-2029

Figure 17. Global Vitamin A for Cosmetics Capacity Market Share by Region, 2022 VS 2029

Figure 18. Global Vitamin A for Cosmetics Production Market Share & Forecast by Region, 2018-2029

Figure 19. Vitamin A for Cosmetics Industry Chain

Figure 20. Vitamin A for Cosmetics Procurement Model

Figure 21. Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Model

Figure 22. Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Channels, Direct Sales and Distribution

Figure 23. Retinol

Figure 24. Retinyl Palmitate

Figure 25. Other

Figure 26. By Type, Global Vitamin A for Cosmetics Revenue, 2018-2029, US$ Million

Figure 27. By Type, Global Vitamin A for Cosmetics Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029

Figure 28. By Type, Global Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume, 2018-2029, (Tons)

Figure 29. By Type, Global Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume Market Share, 2018-2029

Figure 30. By Type, Global Vitamin A for Cosmetics Price, 2018-2029, (US$/Ton)

Figure 31. Hair Care

Figure 32. Skin Care

Figure 33. Sun Protection

Figure 34. Other

Figure 35. By Application, Global Vitamin A for Cosmetics Revenue, 2018-2029, US$ Million

Figure 36. By Application, Global Vitamin A for Cosmetics Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029

Figure 37. By Application, Global Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume, 2018-2029, (Tons)

Figure 38. By Application, Global Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume Market Share, 2018-2029

Figure 39. By Application, Global Vitamin A for Cosmetics Price, 2018-2029, (US$/Ton)

Figure 40. By Region, Global Vitamin A for Cosmetics Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029

Figure 41. By Region, Global Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume Market Share, 2018-2029

Figure 42. North America Vitamin A for Cosmetics Revenue & Forecasts, 2018-2029, US$ Million

Figure 43. By Country, North America Vitamin A for Cosmetics Revenue Market Share, 2022

Figure 44. Europe Vitamin A for Cosmetics Revenue & Forecasts, 2018-2029, US$ Million

Figure 45. By Country, Europe Vitamin A for Cosmetics Revenue Market Share, 2022

Figure 46. Asia Pacific Vitamin A for Cosmetics Revenue & Forecasts, 2018-2029, US$ Million

Figure 47. By Country/Region, Asia Pacific Vitamin A for Cosmetics Revenue Market Share, 2022

Figure 48. South America Vitamin A for Cosmetics Revenue & Forecasts, 2018-2029, US$ Million

Figure 49. By Country, South America Vitamin A for Cosmetics Revenue Market Share, 2022

Figure 50. Middle East & Africa Vitamin A for Cosmetics Revenue & Forecasts, 2018-2029, US$ Million

Figure 51. U.S. Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume, 2018-2029, (Tons)

Figure 52. By Company, U.S. Vitamin A for Cosmetics Market Share, 2022

Figure 53. By Type, U.S. Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume Market Share, 2022 VS 2029

Figure 54. By Application, U.S. Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume Market Share, 2022 VS 2029

Figure 55. Europe Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume, 2018-2029, (Tons)

Figure 56. By Company, Europe Vitamin A for Cosmetics Market Share, 2022

Figure 57. By Type, Europe Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume Market Share, 2022 VS 2029

Figure 58. By Application, Europe Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume Market Share, 2022 VS 2029

Figure 59. China Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume, 2018-2029, (Tons)

Figure 60. By Company, China Vitamin A for Cosmetics Market Share, 2022

Figure 61. By Type, China Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume Market Share, 2022 VS 2029

Figure 62. By Application, China Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume Market Share, 2022 VS 2029

Figure 63. Japan Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume, 2018-2029, (Tons)

Figure 64. By Company, Japan Vitamin A for Cosmetics Market Share, 2022

Figure 65. By Type, Japan Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume Market Share, 2022 VS 2029

Figure 66. By Application, Japan Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume Market Share, 2022 VS 2029

Figure 67. South Korea Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume, 2018-2029, (Tons)

Figure 68. By Company, South Korea Vitamin A for Cosmetics Market Share, 2022

Figure 69. By Type, South Korea Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume Market Share, 2022 VS 2029

Figure 70. By Application, South Korea Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume Market Share, 2022 VS 2029

Figure 71. Southeast Asia Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume, 2018-2029, (Tons)

Figure 72. By Company, Southeast Asia Vitamin A for Cosmetics Market Share, 2022

Figure 73. By Type, Southeast Asia Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume Market Share, 2022 VS 2029

Figure 74. By Application, Southeast Asia Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume Market Share, 2022 VS 2029

Figure 75. India Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume, 2018-2029, (Tons)

Figure 76. By Company, India Vitamin A for Cosmetics Market Share, 2022

Figure 77. By Type, India Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume Market Share, 2022 VS 2029

Figure 78. By Application, India Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume Market Share, 2022 VS 2029

Figure 79. Middle East & Asia Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume, 2018-2029, (Tons)

Figure 80. By Company, Middle East & Asia Vitamin A for Cosmetics Market Share, 2022

Figure 81. By Type, Middle East & Asia Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume Market Share, 2022 VS 2029

Figure 82. By Application, Middle East & Asia Vitamin A for Cosmetics Sales Volume Market Share, 2022 VS 2029

Figure 83. Research Methodology

Figure 84. Breakdown of Primary Interviews

Figure 85. Bottom-up Approaches

Figure 86. Top-down Approaches