Global Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Outlook

Global Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Outlook Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report By Player, Type, Application and Region

Global Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Outlook

Global Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Outlook Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report By Player, Type, Application and Region


Discover the latest insights into the booming Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Outlook Market. This report analyzes market size, growth trends (CAGR ), key players, and regional performance, offering valuable data for investors and industry professionals. Explore market drivers, restraints, and future projections for -.

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The research team projects that the Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors market size will grow from XXX in 2024 to XXX by 2029, at an estimated CAGR of XX. The base year considered for the study is 2023, and the market size is projected from 2024 to 2029.

The prime objective of this report is to help the user understand the market in terms of its definition, segmentation, market potential, influential trends, and the challenges that the market is facing with 10 major regions and 50 major countries. Deep researches and analysis were done during the preparation of the report. The readers will find this report very helpful in understanding the market in depth. The data and the information regarding the market are taken from reliable sources such as websites, annual reports of the companies, journals, and others and were checked and validated by the industry experts. The facts and data are represented in the report using diagrams, graphs, pie charts, and other pictorial representations. This enhances the visual representation and also helps in understanding the facts much better.

By Market Players:

Siemens

GE

ABB

WEG

Yaskawa

RockWell

Allied Motion

Nidec

Regal Beloit

Johnson Electric

Hitachi

ARC System

Schneider Electric

Toshiba

TMEIC

ATB

Hoyer

By Type

Induction Electric Motors

Synchronous Electric Motors

By Application

Onshore

Offshore

By Regions/Countries:

North America

United States

Canada

Mexico

East Asia

China

Japan

South Korea

Europe

Germany

United Kingdom

France

Italy

Russia

Spain

Netherlands

Switzerland

Poland

South Asia

India

Pakistan

Bangladesh

Southeast Asia

Indonesia

Thailand

Singapore

Malaysia

Philippines

Vietnam

Myanmar

Middle East

Turkey

Saudi Arabia

Iran

United Arab Emirates

Israel

Iraq

Qatar

Kuwait

Oman

Africa

Nigeria

South Africa

Egypt

Algeria

Morocoo

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

South America

Brazil

Argentina

Colombia

Chile

Venezuela

Peru

Puerto Rico

Ecuador

Rest of the World

Kazakhstan

Points Covered in The Report

The points that are discussed within the report are the major market players that are involved in the market such as market players, raw material suppliers, equipment suppliers, end users, traders, distributors and etc.

The complete profile of the companies is mentioned. And the capacity, production, price, revenue, cost, gross, gross margin, sales volume, sales revenue, consumption, growth rate, import, export, supply, future strategies, and the technological developments that they are making are also included within the report. This report analyzed 12 years data history and forecast.

The growth factors of the market is discussed in detail wherein the different end users of the market are explained in detail.

Data and information by market player, by region, By Type, By Application and etc, and custom research can be added according to specific requirements.

The report contains the SWOT analysis of the market. Finally, the report contains the conclusion part where the opinions of the industrial experts are included.

Key Reasons to Purchase

To gain insightful analyses of the market and have comprehensive understanding of the global market and its commercial landscape.

Assess the production processes, major issues, and solutions to mitigate the development risk.

To understand the most affecting driving and restraining forces in the market and its impact in the global market.

Learn about the market strategies that are being adopted by leading respective organizations.

To understand the future outlook and prospects for the market.

Besides the standard structure reports, we also provide custom research according to specific requirements.

The report focuses on Global, Top 10 Regions and Top 50 Countries Market Size of Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors 2018-2023, and development forecast 2024-2029 including industries, major players/suppliers worldwide and market share by regions, with company and product introduction, position in the market including their market status and development trend By Types and applications which will provide its price and profit status, and marketing status & market growth drivers and challenges, with base year as 2020.

Key Indicators Analysed

Market Players & Competitor Analysis: The report covers the key players of the industry including Company Profile, Product Specifications, Production Capacity/Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin 2018-2023 & Sales by Product Types.

Global and Regional Market Analysis: The report includes Global & Regional market status and outlook 2024-2029. Further the report provides break down details about each region & countries covered in the report. Identifying its production, consumption, import & export, sales volume & revenue forecast.

Market Analysis by Product Type: The report covers majority Product Types in the Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Industry, including its product specifcations by each key player, volume, sales by Volume and Value (M USD).

Markat Analysis By Application Type: Based on the Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Industry and its applications, the market is further sub-segmented into several major Application of its industry. It provides you with the market size, CAGR & forecast by each industry applications.

Market Trends: Market key trends which include Increased Competition and Continuous Innovations.

Opportunities and Drivers: Identifying the Growing Demands and New Technology

Porters Five Force Analysis: The report will provide with the state of competition in industry depending on five basic forces: threat of new entrants, bargaining power of suppliers, bargaining power of buyers, threat of substitute products or services, and existing industry rivalry.

COVID-19 Impact

Report covers Impact of Coronavirus COVID-19: Since the COVID-19 virus outbreak in December 2019, the disease has spread to almost every country around the globe with the World Health Organization declaring it a public health emergency. The global impacts of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are already starting to be felt, and will significantly affect the Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors market in 2023. The outbreak of COVID-19 has brought effects on many aspects, like flight cancellations; travel bans and quarantines; restaurants closed; all indoor/outdoor events restricted; over forty countries state of emergency declared; massive slowing of the supply chain; stock market volatility; falling business confidence, growing panic among the population, and uncertainty about future.

1 Report Overview

1.1 Study Scope

1.2 Key Market Segments

1.3 Players Covered: Ranking by Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Revenue

1.4 Market Analysis by Type

1.4.1 Global Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Market Size Growth Rate by Type: 2024 VS 2029

1.4.2 Induction Electric Motors

1.4.3 Synchronous Electric Motors

1.5 Market by Application

1.5.1 Global Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Market Share by Application: 2024-2029

1.5.2 Onshore

1.5.3 Offshore

1.6 Study Objectives

1.7 Years Considered

1.8 Overview of Global Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Market

1.8.1 Global Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Market Status and Outlook (2018-2029)

1.8.2 North America

1.8.3 East Asia

1.8.4 Europe

1.8.5 South Asia

1.8.6 Southeast Asia

1.8.7 Middle East

1.8.8 Africa

1.8.9 Oceania

1.8.10 South America

1.8.11 Rest of the World

1.9 Global Market Growth Prospects

1.9.1 Global Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Revenue Estimates and Forecasts (2018-2029)

1.9.2 Global Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Production Capacity Estimates and Forecasts (2018-2029)

1.9.3 Global Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Production Estimates and Forecasts (2018-2029)

2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis

2.1 Raw Material

2.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors

2.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors

2.4 Industry Chain Structure of Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors

3 Development and Manufacturing Plants Analysis of Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors

3.1 Top Manufacturers Headquarters, Rank by Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Production

3.2 Global Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Manufacturing Plants Distribution and Commercial Production Date

4 Market Competition by Manufacturers

4.1 Global Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Production Capacity Market Share by Manufacturers (2018-2023)

4.2 Global Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2018-2023)

4.3 Global Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Average Price by Manufacturers (2018-2023)

4.4 Manufacturers Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Production Sites, Area Served, Product Type

5 Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Regional Market Analysis

5.1 Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Production by Regions

5.1.1 Global Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Production by Regions (2018-2023)

5.1.2 Global Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Revenue by Regions

5.2 Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Consumption by Regions

5.3 North America Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Market Analysis

5.3.1 North America Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Production

5.3.2 North America Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Revenue

5.3.3 Key Manufacturers in North America

5.3.4 North America Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Import and Export

5.4 East Asia Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Market Analysis

5.4.1 East Asia Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Production

5.4.2 East Asia Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Revenue

5.4.3 Key Manufacturers in East Asia

5.4.4 East Asia Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Import & Export

5.5 Europe Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Market Analysis

5.5.1 Europe Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Production

5.5.2 Europe Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Revenue

5.5.3 Key Manufacturers in Europe

5.5.4 Europe Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Import & Export

5.6 South Asia Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Market Analysis

5.6.1 South Asia Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Production

5.6.2 South Asia Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Revenue

5.6.3 Key Manufacturers in South Asia

5.6.4 South Asia Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Import & Export

5.7 Southeast Asia Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Market Analysis

5.7.1 Southeast Asia Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Production

5.7.2 Southeast Asia Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Revenue

5.7.3 Key Manufacturers in Southeast Asia

5.7.4 Southeast Asia Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Import & Export

5.8 Middle East Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Market Analysis

5.8.1 Middle East Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Production

5.8.2 Middle East Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Revenue

5.8.3 Key Manufacturers in Middle East

5.8.4 Middle East Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Import & Export

5.9 Africa Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Market Analysis

5.9.1 Africa Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Production

5.9.2 Africa Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Revenue

5.9.3 Key Manufacturers in Africa

5.9.4 Africa Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Import & Export

5.10 Oceania Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Market Analysis

5.10.1 Oceania Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Production

5.10.2 Oceania Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Revenue

5.10.3 Key Manufacturers in Oceania

5.10.4 Oceania Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Import & Export

5.11 South America Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Market Analysis

5.11.1 South America Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Production

5.11.2 South America Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Revenue

5.11.3 Key Manufacturers in South America

5.11.4 South America Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Import & Export

6 Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Sales Market by Type (2018-2029)

6.1 Global Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Historic Market Size by Type (2018-2023)

6.2 Global Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Forecasted Market Size by Type (2024-2029)

7 Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Consumption Market by Application(2018-2029)

7.1 Global Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Historic Market Size by Application (2018-2023)

7.2 Global Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Forecasted Market Size by Application (2024-2029)

8 Company Profiles and Key Figures in Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Business

8.1 Siemens

8.1.1 Siemens Company Profile

8.1.2 Siemens Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Product Specification

8.1.3 Siemens Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)

8.2 GE

8.2.1 GE Company Profile

8.2.2 GE Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Product Specification

8.2.3 GE Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)

8.3 ABB

8.3.1 ABB Company Profile

8.3.2 ABB Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Product Specification

8.3.3 ABB Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)

8.4 WEG

8.4.1 WEG Company Profile

8.4.2 WEG Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Product Specification

8.4.3 WEG Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)

8.5 Yaskawa

8.5.1 Yaskawa Company Profile

8.5.2 Yaskawa Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Product Specification

8.5.3 Yaskawa Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)

8.6 RockWell

8.6.1 RockWell Company Profile

8.6.2 RockWell Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Product Specification

8.6.3 RockWell Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)

8.7 Allied Motion

8.7.1 Allied Motion Company Profile

8.7.2 Allied Motion Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Product Specification

8.7.3 Allied Motion Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)

8.8 Nidec

8.8.1 Nidec Company Profile

8.8.2 Nidec Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Product Specification

8.8.3 Nidec Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)

8.9 Regal Beloit

8.9.1 Regal Beloit Company Profile

8.9.2 Regal Beloit Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Product Specification

8.9.3 Regal Beloit Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)

8.10 Johnson Electric

8.10.1 Johnson Electric Company Profile

8.10.2 Johnson Electric Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Product Specification

8.10.3 Johnson Electric Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)

8.11 Hitachi

8.11.1 Hitachi Company Profile

8.11.2 Hitachi Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Product Specification

8.11.3 Hitachi Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)

8.12 ARC System

8.12.1 ARC System Company Profile

8.12.2 ARC System Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Product Specification

8.12.3 ARC System Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)

8.13 Schneider Electric

8.13.1 Schneider Electric Company Profile

8.13.2 Schneider Electric Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Product Specification

8.13.3 Schneider Electric Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)

8.14 Toshiba

8.14.1 Toshiba Company Profile

8.14.2 Toshiba Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Product Specification

8.14.3 Toshiba Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)

8.15 TMEIC

8.15.1 TMEIC Company Profile

8.15.2 TMEIC Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Product Specification

8.15.3 TMEIC Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)

8.16 ATB

8.16.1 ATB Company Profile

8.16.2 ATB Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Product Specification

8.16.3 ATB Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)

8.17 Hoyer

8.17.1 Hoyer Company Profile

8.17.2 Hoyer Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Product Specification

8.17.3 Hoyer Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)

9 Production and Supply Forecast

9.1 Global Forecasted Production of Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors (2024-2029)

9.2 Global Forecasted Revenue of Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors (2024-2029)

9.3 Global Forecasted Price of Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors (2018-2029)

9.4 Global Forecasted Production of Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors by Region (2024-2029)

9.4.1 North America Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Production, Revenue Forecast (2024-2029)

9.4.2 East Asia Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Production, Revenue Forecast (2024-2029)

9.4.3 Europe Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Production, Revenue Forecast (2024-2029)

9.4.4 South Asia Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Production, Revenue Forecast (2024-2029)

9.4.5 Southeast Asia Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Production, Revenue Forecast (2024-2029)

9.4.6 Middle East Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Production, Revenue Forecast (2024-2029)

9.4.7 Africa Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Production, Revenue Forecast (2024-2029)

9.4.8 Oceania Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Production, Revenue Forecast (2024-2029)

9.4.9 South America Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Production, Revenue Forecast (2024-2029)

9.4.10 Rest of the World Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Production, Revenue Forecast (2024-2029)

9.5 Forecast by Type and by Application (2024-2029)

9.5.1 Global Sales Volume, Sales Revenue and Sales Price Forecast by Type (2024-2029)

9.5.2 Global Forecasted Consumption of Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors by Application (2024-2029)

10 Consumption and Demand Forecast

10.1 North America Forecasted Consumption of Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors by Country

10.2 East Asia Market Forecasted Consumption of Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors by Country

10.3 Europe Market Forecasted Consumption of Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors by Countriy

10.4 South Asia Forecasted Consumption of Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors by Country

10.5 Southeast Asia Forecasted Consumption of Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors by Country

10.6 Middle East Forecasted Consumption of Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors by Country

10.7 Africa Forecasted Consumption of Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors by Country

10.8 Oceania Forecasted Consumption of Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors by Country

10.9 South America Forecasted Consumption of Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors by Country

10.10 Rest of the world Forecasted Consumption of Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors by Country

11 Marketing Channel, Distributors and Customers

11.1 Marketing Channel

11.1.1 Direct Channels

11.1.2 Indirect Channels

12 Market Dynamics

12.1 Market Trends

12.2 Opportunities and Drivers

12.3 Challenges

12.4 Porter's Five Forces Analysis

13 Conclusion

14 Appendix

14.1 Methodology/Research Approach

14.1.1 Research Programs/Design

14.1.2 Market Size Estimation

14.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation

14.2 Data Source

14.2.1 Secondary Sources

14.2.2 Primary Sources

14.3 Disclaimer

Tables & Figures:
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Research Methodology:
This research study involved the extensive usage of both primary and secondary data sources. The research process involved the study of various factors affecting the industry, including the government policy, market environment, competitive landscape, historical data, present trends in the market, technological innovation, upcoming technologies and the technical progress in related industry, and market risks, opportunities, market barriers and challenges. The following illustrative figure shows the market research methodology applied in this report.
Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Outlook Market Size Estimation

To estimate market size and trends, we use a combination of top-down and bottom-up methods. This allows us to evaluate the market from various perspectives—by company, region, product type, and end users.

Our estimates are based on actual sales data, excluding any discounts. Segment breakdowns and market shares are calculated using weighted averages based on usage rates and average prices. Regional insights are determined by how widely a product or service is adopted in each area.

Key companies are identified through secondary sources like industry reports and company filings. We then verify revenue estimates and other key data points through primary research, including interviews with industry experts, company executives, and decision-makers.

We take into account all relevant factors that could influence the market and validate our findings with real-world input. Our final insights combine both qualitative and quantitative data to provide a well-rounded view. Please note, these estimates do not account for unexpected changes such as inflation, economic downturns, or policy shifts.

Data Source

Secondary Sources

This study draws on a wide range of secondary sources, including press releases, annual reports, non-profit organizations, industry associations, government agencies, and customs data. We also referred to reputable databases and directories such as Bloomberg, Wind Info, Hoovers, Factiva, Trading Economics, Statista, and others. Additional references include investor presentations, company filings (e.g., SEC), economic data, and documents from regulatory and industry bodies.

These sources were used to gather technical and market-focused insights, identify key players, analyze market segmentation and classification, and track major trends and developments across industries.

Market Size
  • Segmental value
  • Geographic Penetration
  • Product Adoption Rate for Different market
  • Journals, Websites, and Press Releases
  • Annual Reports and SEC Filings
  • Company Websites and Press Releases
  • Public and Paid Databases
  • Market Intellix Data Repository
Market Position of Top Company
  • Product Financials
  • Geographic value Mix
  • Total Company value
  • Business/Segmental value Mix
Qualitative Analysis
  • Influence Factors
  • Market Potential
  • Market Risks and Opportunities
  • Industry Trends
  • Geographical Features
  • Government Policies
  • Company Websites and Press Releases
  • Public and Paid Databases
  • Annual Reports
  • Industry Associations
  • Market Intellix Data Repository

Primary Sources

As part of our primary research, we interviewed a variety of stakeholders from both the supply and demand sides to gather valuable qualitative and quantitative insights.

On the supply side, we spoke with product manufacturers, competitors, industry experts, research institutions, distributors, traders, and raw material suppliers. On the demand side, we engaged with business leaders, marketing and sales heads, technology and innovation directors, supply chain executives, and end users across key organizations.

These conversations helped us better understand market segmentation, pricing, applications, leading players, supply chains, demand trends, industry outlook, and key market dynamics—including risks, opportunities, barriers, and strategic developments.

Key Data Information from Primary Sources

Primary Sources Parameters Key Data
Market Segments(by Application, by Type)
  • Value by Type
  • Status and Forecast
  • Value by Application
  • Value by Regions, Status and Forecast (2025-2031)
  • Value Market Share by Type
  • Value Growth Rate by Type
  • Value by Application
  • Percentage and Growth Rate by Application
  • Value Growth Rate and Market Share by Regions
  • Market Size Status and Forecast (2025-2031)
Total Market
  • Overall Size, Status and Forecast
  • Market Size Status and Forecast (2025-2031)
Frequently asked questions(FAQ's):
How are players chosen for the research coverage of the Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Outlook Market study?
MI used a variety of industry standards such as NAICS, ICB, TRIC, and others to identify functional players in the industry, which they then shortlist and validate in an iterative process to finalize the most relevant players.
What are the major applications for Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Outlook?
Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Outlook has a wide range of applications, including and others.
What is the market value of the Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Outlook Industry?
In 2024, the Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Outlook Market share exceeded USD xx million. Between 2025 and 2030, it will grow at a CAGR of yy%.
What are the advantages of the Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Outlook Market research study?
The Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Outlook Market research study aids businesses in strategic planning so that they may realize and gain business value from their growth strategies.
What are the primary data sources used to evaluate the Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Outlook Market sizing?
The majority of data for the Oil & Gas AC Electric Motors Outlook Industry is gathered through primary sources, which include interviews and surveys with industry experts from the core and related industries involved in the supply chain. Secondary sources, such as SEC filings, annual reports, whitepapers, and press releases, are also used.