Table 1. Linkage Production Line Market Size & CAGR: China VS Global, 2018-2029, US$ Million

Table 2. Linkage Production Line Market Restraints

Table 3. Linkage Production Line Market Trends

Table 4. Linkage Production Line Industry Policy

Table 5. Global Linkage Production Line Revenue by Company, 2018-2023, US$ million

Table 6. Global Linkage Production Line Revenue Market Share by Company, 2018-2023

Table 7. Global Linkage Production Line Sales Volume by Company, 2018-2023, (Unit)

Table 8. Global Linkage Production Line Sales Volume Market Share by Company, 2018-2023

Table 9. Global Linkage Production Line Price by Company, 2018-2023, (K US$/Unit)

Table 10. Global Linkage Production Line Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR3 and HHI)

Table 11. Global Linkage Production Line Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans

Table 12. Global Linkage Production Line Manufacturers Product Type

Table 13. China Linkage Production Line Revenue by Company, 2018-2023, US$ million

Table 14. China Linkage Production Line Revenue Market Share by Company, 2018-2023

Table 15. China Linkage Production Line Sales Volume by Company, 2018-2023, (Unit)

Table 16. China Linkage Production Line Sales Volume Market Share by Company, 2018-2023

Table 17. China Market, Linkage Production Line Production, Sales, Import and Export, 2018-2029, (Unit)

Table 18. China Linkage Production Line Import & Export Trends

Table 19. Main Sources of China Linkage Production Line Import

Table 20. Export Destination of China Linkage Production Line

Table 21. Global Headquarters and Manufacturing Base of Linkage Production Line Manufacturers

Table 22. Global Major Manufacturers, Linkage Production Line Capacity Expansion and Future Plans

Table 23. Global Linkage Production Line Production & Forecast by Region, 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029, (Unit)

Table 24. Global Linkage Production Line Production by Region, 2018-2023, (Unit)

Table 25. Global Linkage Production Line Production Forecast by Region, 2023-2029, (Unit)

Table 26. Global Key Players of Linkage Production Line Upstream (Raw Materials)

Table 27. Global Linkage Production Line Typical Customers

Table 28. Linkage Production Line Typical Distributors

Table 29. By Type, Global Linkage Production Line Revenue & CAGR, 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029, US$ Million

Table 30. By Application, Global Linkage Production Line Revenue & CAGR, 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029, US$ Million

Table 31. By Region, Global Linkage Production Line Market Size, 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029, US$ Million

Table 32. By Region, Global Linkage Production Line Revenue, 2018-2029, US$ Million

Table 33. By Region, Global Linkage Production Line Sales Volume, 2018-2029, (Unit)

Table 34. By Country, Global Linkage Production Line Revenue & CAGR，2018 VS 2022 VS 2029, US$ Million

Table 35. By Country, Global Linkage Production Line Revenue, 2018-2029, US$ Million

Table 36. By Country, Global Linkage Production Line Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029

Table 37. By Country, Global Linkage Production Line Sales Volume, 2018-2029, (Unit)

Table 38. By Country, Global Linkage Production Line Sales Volume Market Share, 2018-2029

Table 39. Syntegon Company Information, Head Office, Market Area and Industry Position

Table 40. Syntegon Linkage Production Line Models, Specifications and Application

Table 41. Syntegon Linkage Production Line Sales Volume (Unit), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (K US$/Unit) and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

Table 42. Syntegon Company Profile and Main Business

Table 43. Syntegon Recent Developments

Table 44. Groninger Company Information, Head Office, Market Area and Industry Position

Table 45. Groninger Linkage Production Line Models, Specifications and Application

Table 46. Groninger Linkage Production Line Sales Volume (Unit), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (K US$/Unit) and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

Table 47. Groninger Company Profile and Main Business

Table 48. Groninger Recent Developments

Table 49. IMA Company Information, Head Office, Market Area and Industry Position

Table 50. IMA Linkage Production Line Models, Specifications and Application

Table 51. IMA Linkage Production Line Sales Volume (Unit), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (K US$/Unit) and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

Table 52. IMA Company Profile and Main Business

Table 53. IMA Recent Developments

Table 54. Bausch+Ströbel Company Information, Head Office, Market Area and Industry Position

Table 55. Bausch+Ströbel Linkage Production Line Models, Specifications and Application

Table 56. Bausch+Ströbel Linkage Production Line Sales Volume (Unit), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (K US$/Unit) and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

Table 57. Bausch+Ströbel Company Profile and Main Business

Table 58. Bausch+Ströbel Recent Developments

Table 59. Dara Pharma Company Information, Head Office, Market Area and Industry Position

Table 60. Dara Pharma Linkage Production Line Models, Specifications and Application

Table 61. Dara Pharma Linkage Production Line Sales Volume (Unit), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (K US$/Unit) and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

Table 62. Dara Pharma Company Profile and Main Business

Table 63. Dara Pharma Recent Developments

Table 64. Comecer Company Information, Head Office, Market Area and Industry Position

Table 65. Comecer Linkage Production Line Models, Specifications and Application

Table 66. Comecer Linkage Production Line Sales Volume (Unit), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (K US$/Unit) and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

Table 67. Comecer Company Profile and Main Business

Table 68. Comecer Recent Developments

Table 69. Kambert Machinery Company Information, Head Office, Market Area and Industry Position

Table 70. Kambert Machinery Linkage Production Line Models, Specifications and Application

Table 71. Kambert Machinery Linkage Production Line Sales Volume (Unit), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (K US$/Unit) and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

Table 72. Kambert Machinery Company Profile and Main Business

Table 73. Kambert Machinery Recent Developments

Table 74. PallayPack Company Information, Head Office, Market Area and Industry Position

Table 75. PallayPack Linkage Production Line Models, Specifications and Application

Table 76. PallayPack Linkage Production Line Sales Volume (Unit), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (K US$/Unit) and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

Table 77. PallayPack Company Profile and Main Business

Table 78. PallayPack Recent Developments

Table 79. ROTA Company Information, Head Office, Market Area and Industry Position

Table 80. ROTA Linkage Production Line Models, Specifications and Application

Table 81. ROTA Linkage Production Line Sales Volume (Unit), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (K US$/Unit) and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

Table 82. ROTA Company Profile and Main Business

Table 83. ROTA Recent Developments

Table 84. Aseptic Technologies Company Information, Head Office, Market Area and Industry Position

Table 85. Aseptic Technologies Linkage Production Line Models, Specifications and Application

Table 86. Aseptic Technologies Linkage Production Line Sales Volume (Unit), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (K US$/Unit) and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

Table 87. Aseptic Technologies Company Profile and Main Business

Table 88. Aseptic Technologies Recent Developments

Table 89. Cytiva Company Information, Head Office, Market Area and Industry Position

Table 90. Cytiva Linkage Production Line Models, Specifications and Application

Table 91. Cytiva Linkage Production Line Sales Volume (Unit), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (K US$/Unit) and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

Table 92. Cytiva Company Profile and Main Business

Table 93. Cytiva Recent Developments

Table 94. Cozzoli Machine Company Company Information, Head Office, Market Area and Industry Position

Table 95. Cozzoli Machine Company Linkage Production Line Models, Specifications and Application

Table 96. Cozzoli Machine Company Linkage Production Line Sales Volume (Unit), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (K US$/Unit) and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

Table 97. Cozzoli Machine Company Company Profile and Main Business

Table 98. Cozzoli Machine Company Recent Developments

Table 99. Adinath International Company Information, Head Office, Market Area and Industry Position

Table 100. Adinath International Linkage Production Line Models, Specifications and Application

Table 101. Adinath International Linkage Production Line Sales Volume (Unit), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (K US$/Unit) and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

Table 102. Adinath International Company Profile and Main Business

Table 103. Adinath International Recent Developments

Table 104. Truking Technology Company Information, Head Office, Market Area and Industry Position

Table 105. Truking Technology Linkage Production Line Models, Specifications and Application

Table 106. Truking Technology Linkage Production Line Sales Volume (Unit), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (K US$/Unit) and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

Table 107. Truking Technology Company Profile and Main Business

Table 108. Truking Technology Recent Developments

Table 109. Shinva Company Information, Head Office, Market Area and Industry Position

Table 110. Shinva Linkage Production Line Models, Specifications and Application

Table 111. Shinva Linkage Production Line Sales Volume (Unit), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (K US$/Unit) and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

Table 112. Shinva Company Profile and Main Business

Table 113. Shinva Recent Developments

Table 114. Hunan China Sun Pharmaceutical Machinery Company Information, Head Office, Market Area and Industry Position

Table 115. Hunan China Sun Pharmaceutical Machinery Linkage Production Line Models, Specifications and Application

Table 116. Hunan China Sun Pharmaceutical Machinery Linkage Production Line Sales Volume (Unit), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (K US$/Unit) and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

Table 117. Hunan China Sun Pharmaceutical Machinery Company Profile and Main Business

Table 118. Hunan China Sun Pharmaceutical Machinery Recent Developments

Table 119. Hunan FE Pharmaceutical Machinery Company Information, Head Office, Market Area and Industry Position

Table 120. Hunan FE Pharmaceutical Machinery Linkage Production Line Models, Specifications and Application

Table 121. Hunan FE Pharmaceutical Machinery Linkage Production Line Sales Volume (Unit), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (K US$/Unit) and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

Table 122. Hunan FE Pharmaceutical Machinery Company Profile and Main Business

Table 123. Hunan FE Pharmaceutical Machinery Recent Developments

Table 124. Highfine Engineering Company Information, Head Office, Market Area and Industry Position

Table 125. Highfine Engineering Linkage Production Line Models, Specifications and Application

Table 126. Highfine Engineering Linkage Production Line Sales Volume (Unit), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (K US$/Unit) and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

Table 127. Highfine Engineering Company Profile and Main Business

Table 128. Highfine Engineering Recent Developments

Table 129. Shanghai Rotech Bioengineering Company Information, Head Office, Market Area and Industry Position

Table 130. Shanghai Rotech Bioengineering Linkage Production Line Models, Specifications and Application

Table 131. Shanghai Rotech Bioengineering Linkage Production Line Sales Volume (Unit), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (K US$/Unit) and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

Table 132. Shanghai Rotech Bioengineering Company Profile and Main Business

Table 133. Shanghai Rotech Bioengineering Recent Developments

Table 134. Etorch Pharmtech Company Information, Head Office, Market Area and Industry Position

Table 135. Etorch Pharmtech Linkage Production Line Models, Specifications and Application

Table 136. Etorch Pharmtech Linkage Production Line Sales Volume (Unit), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (K US$/Unit) and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

Table 137. Etorch Pharmtech Company Profile and Main Business

Table 138. Etorch Pharmtech Recent Developments

Table 139. Sinuode Company Information, Head Office, Market Area and Industry Position

Table 140. Sinuode Linkage Production Line Models, Specifications and Application

Table 141. Sinuode Linkage Production Line Sales Volume (Unit), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (K US$/Unit) and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

Table 142. Sinuode Company Profile and Main Business

Table 143. Sinuode Recent Developments

Table 144. Shanghai Marya Pharmaceutical Engineering and Project Company Information, Head Office, Market Area and Industry Position

Table 145. Shanghai Marya Pharmaceutical Engineering and Project Linkage Production Line Models, Specifications and Application

Table 146. Shanghai Marya Pharmaceutical Engineering and Project Linkage Production Line Sales Volume (Unit), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (K US$/Unit) and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

Table 147. Shanghai Marya Pharmaceutical Engineering and Project Company Profile and Main Business

Table 148. Shanghai Marya Pharmaceutical Engineering and Project Recent Developments

Table 149. Shanghai ShengGuan Machinery Equipment Company Information, Head Office, Market Area and Industry Position

Table 150. Shanghai ShengGuan Machinery Equipment Linkage Production Line Models, Specifications and Application

Table 151. Shanghai ShengGuan Machinery Equipment Linkage Production Line Sales Volume (Unit), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (K US$/Unit) and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

Table 152. Shanghai ShengGuan Machinery Equipment Company Profile and Main Business

Table 153. Shanghai ShengGuan Machinery Equipment Recent Developments

Table 154. Shanghai Shengna Machinery Equipment Company Information, Head Office, Market Area and Industry Position

Table 155. Shanghai Shengna Machinery Equipment Linkage Production Line Models, Specifications and Application

Table 156. Shanghai Shengna Machinery Equipment Linkage Production Line Sales Volume (Unit), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (K US$/Unit) and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

Table 157. Shanghai Shengna Machinery Equipment Company Profile and Main Business

Table 158. Shanghai Shengna Machinery Equipment Recent Developments

Table 159. Guangzhou Chuangzheng Smart Equipment Company Information, Head Office, Market Area and Industry Position

Table 160. Guangzhou Chuangzheng Smart Equipment Linkage Production Line Models, Specifications and Application

Table 161. Guangzhou Chuangzheng Smart Equipment Linkage Production Line Sales Volume (Unit), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (K US$/Unit) and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

Table 162. Guangzhou Chuangzheng Smart Equipment Company Profile and Main Business

Table 163. Guangzhou Chuangzheng Smart Equipment Recent Developments

Table 164. Shanghai Zhuocan Pharmaceutical Equipment Company Information, Head Office, Market Area and Industry Position

Table 165. Shanghai Zhuocan Pharmaceutical Equipment Linkage Production Line Models, Specifications and Application

Table 166. Shanghai Zhuocan Pharmaceutical Equipment Linkage Production Line Sales Volume (Unit), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (K US$/Unit) and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

Table 167. Shanghai Zhuocan Pharmaceutical Equipment Company Profile and Main Business

Table 168. Shanghai Zhuocan Pharmaceutical Equipment Recent Developments

Table 169. Shandong Pengyue Automation Technology Company Information, Head Office, Market Area and Industry Position

Table 170. Shandong Pengyue Automation Technology Linkage Production Line Models, Specifications and Application

Table 171. Shandong Pengyue Automation Technology Linkage Production Line Sales Volume (Unit), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (K US$/Unit) and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

Table 172. Shandong Pengyue Automation Technology Company Profile and Main Business

Table 173. Shandong Pengyue Automation Technology Recent Developments

Table 174. Zhejiang Xinyadi Technology Company Information, Head Office, Market Area and Industry Position

Table 175. Zhejiang Xinyadi Technology Linkage Production Line Models, Specifications and Application

Table 176. Zhejiang Xinyadi Technology Linkage Production Line Sales Volume (Unit), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (K US$/Unit) and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

Table 177. Zhejiang Xinyadi Technology Company Profile and Main Business

Table 178. Zhejiang Xinyadi Technology Recent Developments

Table 179. Shanghai Xufa Pharmaceutical Equipment Technology Company Information, Head Office, Market Area and Industry Position

Table 180. Shanghai Xufa Pharmaceutical Equipment Technology Linkage Production Line Models, Specifications and Application

Table 181. Shanghai Xufa Pharmaceutical Equipment Technology Linkage Production Line Sales Volume (Unit), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (K US$/Unit) and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

Table 182. Shanghai Xufa Pharmaceutical Equipment Technology Company Profile and Main Business

Table 183. Shanghai Xufa Pharmaceutical Equipment Technology Recent Developments

Table 184. Shanghai Xin Weisheng Pharmaceutical Machinery Company Information, Head Office, Market Area and Industry Position

Table 185. Shanghai Xin Weisheng Pharmaceutical Machinery Linkage Production Line Models, Specifications and Application

Table 186. Shanghai Xin Weisheng Pharmaceutical Machinery Linkage Production Line Sales Volume (Unit), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (K US$/Unit) and Gross Margin, 2018-2023

Table 187. Shanghai Xin Weisheng Pharmaceutical Machinery Company Profile and Main Business

Table 188. Shanghai Xin Weisheng Pharmaceutical Machinery Recent Developments

List of Figure

Figure 1. Linkage Production Line Picture

Figure 2. By Revenue, Global Linkage Production Line Market Size and Forecast, 2018-2029, US$ Million

Figure 3. By Sales Volume, Global Linkage Production Line Market Size and Forecast, 2018-2029, (Unit)

Figure 4. Global Linkage Production Line Price Trend, 2018-2029, (K US$/Unit)

Figure 5. By Revenue, China Linkage Production Line Market Size and Forecast, 2018-2029, US$ million

Figure 6. By Sales Volume, China Linkage Production Line Market Size and Forecast, 2018-2029, (Unit)

Figure 7. China Linkage Production Line Price Trend, 2018-2029 (K US$/Unit)

Figure 8. By Revenue, China Linkage Production Line Share of Global Market, 2018-2029

Figure 9. By Sales Volume, China Linkage Production Line Share of Global Market, 2018-2029

Figure 10. Global Linkage Production Line Key Participants, Market Share, 2021 VS 2022 VS 2023

Figure 11. Global Linkage Production Line Market Share by Company, (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3), 2022

Figure 12. China Linkage Production Line Key Participants, Market Share, 2021 VS 2022 VS 2023

Figure 13. China Linkage Production Line Key Participants, Market Share, 2021 VS 2022 VS 2023

Figure 14. China Linkage Production Line Revenue, Domestic VS Import Products, Proportion of China Local Players and Foreign Players, 2018-2023

Figure 15. Chinese Local Players, Proportion of Linkage Production Line Domestic VS Export, 2022

Figure 16. Global Linkage Production Line Capacity, Production and Capacity Utilization, 2018-2029

Figure 17. Global Linkage Production Line Capacity Market Share by Region, 2022 VS 2029

Figure 18. Global Linkage Production Line Production Market Share & Forecast by Region, 2018-2029

Figure 19. Linkage Production Line Industry Chain

Figure 20. Linkage Production Line Procurement Model

Figure 21. Linkage Production Line Sales Model

Figure 22. Linkage Production Line Sales Channels, Direct Sales and Distribution

Figure 23. Fully Automatic

Figure 24. Semi-Automatic

Figure 25. By Type, Global Linkage Production Line Revenue, 2018-2029, US$ Million

Figure 26. By Type, Global Linkage Production Line Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029

Figure 27. By Type, Global Linkage Production Line Sales Volume, 2018-2029, (Unit)

Figure 28. By Type, Global Linkage Production Line Sales Volume Market Share, 2018-2029

Figure 29. By Type, Global Linkage Production Line Price, 2018-2029, (K US$/Unit)

Figure 30. Drugs

Figure 31. Health Products

Figure 32. Cosmetic

Figure 33. Other

Figure 34. By Application, Global Linkage Production Line Revenue, 2018-2029, US$ Million

Figure 35. By Application, Global Linkage Production Line Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029

Figure 36. By Application, Global Linkage Production Line Sales Volume, 2018-2029, (Unit)

Figure 37. By Application, Global Linkage Production Line Sales Volume Market Share, 2018-2029

Figure 38. By Application, Global Linkage Production Line Price, 2018-2029, (K US$/Unit)

Figure 39. By Region, Global Linkage Production Line Revenue Market Share, 2018-2029

Figure 40. By Region, Global Linkage Production Line Sales Volume Market Share, 2018-2029

Figure 41. North America Linkage Production Line Revenue & Forecasts, 2018-2029, US$ Million

Figure 42. By Country, North America Linkage Production Line Revenue Market Share, 2022

Figure 43. Europe Linkage Production Line Revenue & Forecasts, 2018-2029, US$ Million

Figure 44. By Country, Europe Linkage Production Line Revenue Market Share, 2022

Figure 45. Asia Pacific Linkage Production Line Revenue & Forecasts, 2018-2029, US$ Million

Figure 46. By Country/Region, Asia Pacific Linkage Production Line Revenue Market Share, 2022

Figure 47. South America Linkage Production Line Revenue & Forecasts, 2018-2029, US$ Million

Figure 48. By Country, South America Linkage Production Line Revenue Market Share, 2022

Figure 49. Middle East & Africa Linkage Production Line Revenue & Forecasts, 2018-2029, US$ Million

Figure 50. U.S. Linkage Production Line Sales Volume, 2018-2029, (Unit)

Figure 51. By Company, U.S. Linkage Production Line Market Share, 2022

Figure 52. By Type, U.S. Linkage Production Line Sales Volume Market Share, 2022 VS 2029

Figure 53. By Application, U.S. Linkage Production Line Sales Volume Market Share, 2022 VS 2029

Figure 54. Europe Linkage Production Line Sales Volume, 2018-2029, (Unit)

Figure 55. By Company, Europe Linkage Production Line Market Share, 2022

Figure 56. By Type, Europe Linkage Production Line Sales Volume Market Share, 2022 VS 2029

Figure 57. By Application, Europe Linkage Production Line Sales Volume Market Share, 2022 VS 2029

Figure 58. China Linkage Production Line Sales Volume, 2018-2029, (Unit)

Figure 59. By Company, China Linkage Production Line Market Share, 2022

Figure 60. By Type, China Linkage Production Line Sales Volume Market Share, 2022 VS 2029

Figure 61. By Application, China Linkage Production Line Sales Volume Market Share, 2022 VS 2029

Figure 62. Japan Linkage Production Line Sales Volume, 2018-2029, (Unit)

Figure 63. By Company, Japan Linkage Production Line Market Share, 2022

Figure 64. By Type, Japan Linkage Production Line Sales Volume Market Share, 2022 VS 2029

Figure 65. By Application, Japan Linkage Production Line Sales Volume Market Share, 2022 VS 2029

Figure 66. South Korea Linkage Production Line Sales Volume, 2018-2029, (Unit)

Figure 67. By Company, South Korea Linkage Production Line Market Share, 2022

Figure 68. By Type, South Korea Linkage Production Line Sales Volume Market Share, 2022 VS 2029

Figure 69. By Application, South Korea Linkage Production Line Sales Volume Market Share, 2022 VS 2029

Figure 70. Southeast Asia Linkage Production Line Sales Volume, 2018-2029, (Unit)

Figure 71. By Company, Southeast Asia Linkage Production Line Market Share, 2022

Figure 72. By Type, Southeast Asia Linkage Production Line Sales Volume Market Share, 2022 VS 2029

Figure 73. By Application, Southeast Asia Linkage Production Line Sales Volume Market Share, 2022 VS 2029

Figure 74. India Linkage Production Line Sales Volume, 2018-2029, (Unit)

Figure 75. By Company, India Linkage Production Line Market Share, 2022

Figure 76. By Type, India Linkage Production Line Sales Volume Market Share, 2022 VS 2029

Figure 77. By Application, India Linkage Production Line Sales Volume Market Share, 2022 VS 2029

Figure 78. Middle East & Asia Linkage Production Line Sales Volume, 2018-2029, (Unit)

Figure 79. By Company, Middle East & Asia Linkage Production Line Market Share, 2022

Figure 80. By Type, Middle East & Asia Linkage Production Line Sales Volume Market Share, 2022 VS 2029

Figure 81. By Application, Middle East & Asia Linkage Production Line Sales Volume Market Share, 2022 VS 2029

Figure 82. Research Methodology

Figure 83. Breakdown of Primary Interviews

Figure 84. Bottom-up Approaches

Figure 85. Top-down Approaches