In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market 2022: Key Strategies, Historical Analysis, Trends, New Opportunities and Forecast Till 2028
Exclusive deal : 20% Instant discount on Direct purchases! Don't wait—claim your discount today!
In vitro diagnostics are tests done on samples such as blood or tissue that have been taken from the human body. In vitro diagnostics can detect diseases or other conditions, and can be used to monitor a person’s overall health to help cure, treat, or prevent diseases.
In vitro diagnostics may also be used in precision medicine to identify patients who are likely to benefit from specific treatments or therapies. These in vitro diagnostics can include next generation sequencing tests, which scan a person’s DNA to detect genomic variations.
Some tests are used in laboratory or other health professional settings and other tests are for consumers to use at home.
This report elaborates the market size, market characteristics, and market growth of the In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) industry, and breaks down according to the type, application, and consumption area of In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD). The report also conducted a PESTEL analysis of the industry to study the main influencing factors and entry barriers of the industry.
In Chapter 3.4 of the report, the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on the industry was fully assessed. Fully risk assessment and industry recommendations were made for In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) in a special period. This chapter also compares the markets of Pre COVID-19 and Post COVID-19.
In addition, chapters 8-12 consider the impact of COVID-19 on the regional economy.
Key players in the global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) market covered in Chapter 13:
Siemens Middle East Limited
bioMerieux Moyen Orient
Sysmex Middle East
Alere Inc.
Abbott Laboratories
Bayer AG
Ortho-clinical Diagnostics
In Chapter 6, on the basis of types, the In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) market from 2015 to 2025 is primarily split into:
Instruments
Reagents
In Chapter 7, on the basis of applications, the In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) market from 2015 to 2025 covers:
Laboratories
Hospitals
Academic Institutes
Point-of-Care Testing
Patient Self-Testing
other end users
Geographically, the detailed analysis of production, trade of the following countries is covered in Chapter 4.2, 5:
United States
Europe
China
Japan
India
Geographically, the detailed analysis of consumption, revenue, market share and growth rate of the following regions are covered in Chapter 8, 9, 10, 11, 12:
North America (Covered in Chapter 8)
United States
Canada
Mexico
Europe (Covered in Chapter 9)
Germany
UK
France
Italy
Spain
Others
Asia-Pacific (Covered in Chapter 10)
China
Japan
India
South Korea
Southeast Asia
Others
Middle East and Africa (Covered in Chapter 11)
Saudi Arabia
UAE
South Africa
Others
South America (Covered in Chapter 12)
Brazil
Others
Years considered for this report:
Historical Years: 2015-2019
Base Year: 2019
Estimated Year: 2020
Forecast Period: 2020-2025
Table of Content
1 In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market - Research Scope
1.1 Study Goals
1.2 Market Definition and Scope
1.3 Key Market Segments
1.4 Study and Forecasting Years
2 In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market - Research Methodology
2.1 Methodology
2.2 Research Data Source
2.2.1 Secondary Data
2.2.2 Primary Data
2.2.3 Market Size Estimation
2.2.4 Legal Disclaimer
3 In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Forces
3.1 Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Size
3.2 Top Impacting Factors (PESTEL Analysis)
3.2.1 Political Factors
3.2.2 Economic Factors
3.2.3 Social Factors
3.2.4 Technological Factors
3.2.5 Environmental Factors
3.2.6 Legal Factors
3.3 Industry Trend Analysis
3.4 Industry Trends Under COVID-19
3.4.1 Risk Assessment on COVID-19
3.4.2 Assessment of the Overall Impact of COVID-19 on the Industry
3.4.3 Pre COVID-19 and Post COVID-19 Market Scenario
3.5 Industry Risk Assessment
4 In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market - By Geography
4.1 Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Value and Market Share by Regions
4.1.1 Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Value ($) by Region (2015-2020)
4.1.2 Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Value Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)
4.2 Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Production and Market Share by Major Countries
4.2.1 Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Production by Major Countries (2015-2020)
4.2.2 Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Production Market Share by Major Countries (2015-2020)
4.3 Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Consumption and Market Share by Regions
4.3.1 Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Consumption by Regions (2015-2020)
4.3.2 Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Consumption Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)
5 In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market - By Trade Statistics
5.1 Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Export and Import
5.2 United States In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Export and Import (2015-2020)
5.3 Europe In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Export and Import (2015-2020)
5.4 China In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Export and Import (2015-2020)
5.5 Japan In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Export and Import (2015-2020)
5.6 India In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Export and Import (2015-2020)
5.7
6 In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market - By Type
6.1 Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Production and Market Share by Types (2015-2020)
6.1.1 Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Production by Types (2015-2020)
6.1.2 Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Production Market Share by Types (2015-2020)
6.2 Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Value and Market Share by Types (2015-2020)
6.2.1 Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Value by Types (2015-2020)
6.2.2 Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Value Market Share by Types (2015-2020)
6.3 Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Production, Price and Growth Rate of Instruments (2015-2020)
6.4 Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Production, Price and Growth Rate of Reagents (2015-2020)
7 In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market - By Application
7.1 Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Consumption and Market Share by Applications (2015-2020)
7.1.1 Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Consumption by Applications (2015-2020)
7.1.2 Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Consumption Market Share by Applications (2015-2020)
7.2 Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Consumption and Growth Rate of Laboratories (2015-2020)
7.3 Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Consumption and Growth Rate of Hospitals (2015-2020)
7.4 Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Consumption and Growth Rate of Academic Institutes (2015-2020)
7.5 Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Consumption and Growth Rate of Point-of-Care Testing (2015-2020)
7.6 Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Consumption and Growth Rate of Patient Self-Testing (2015-2020)
7.7 Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Consumption and Growth Rate of other end users (2015-2020)
8 North America In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market
8.1 North America In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Size
8.2 United States In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Size
8.3 Canada In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Size
8.4 Mexico In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Size
8.5 The Influence of COVID-19 on North America Market
9 Europe In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Analysis
9.1 Europe In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Size
9.2 Germany In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Size
9.3 United Kingdom In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Size
9.4 France In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Size
9.5 Italy In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Size
9.6 Spain In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Size
9.7 The Influence of COVID-19 on Europe Market
10 Asia-Pacific In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Analysis
10.1 Asia-Pacific In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Size
10.2 China In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Size
10.3 Japan In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Size
10.4 South Korea In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Size
10.5 Southeast Asia In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Size
10.6 India In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Size
10.7 The Influence of COVID-19 on Asia Pacific Market
11 Middle East and Africa In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Analysis
11.1 Middle East and Africa In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Size
11.2 Saudi Arabia In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Size
11.3 UAE In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Size
11.4 South Africa In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Size
11.5 The Influence of COVID-19 on Middle East and Africa Market
12 South America In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Analysis
12.1 South America In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Size
12.2 Brazil In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Size
12.3 The Influence of COVID-19 on South America Market
13 Company Profiles
13.1 Siemens Middle East Limited
13.1.1 Siemens Middle East Limited Basic Information
13.1.2 Siemens Middle East Limited Product Profiles, Application and Specification
13.1.3 Siemens Middle East Limited In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Performance (2015-2020)
13.2 bioMerieux Moyen Orient
13.2.1 bioMerieux Moyen Orient Basic Information
13.2.2 bioMerieux Moyen Orient Product Profiles, Application and Specification
13.2.3 bioMerieux Moyen Orient In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Performance (2015-2020)
13.3 Sysmex Middle East
13.3.1 Sysmex Middle East Basic Information
13.3.2 Sysmex Middle East Product Profiles, Application and Specification
13.3.3 Sysmex Middle East In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Performance (2015-2020)
13.4 Alere Inc.
13.4.1 Alere Inc. Basic Information
13.4.2 Alere Inc. Product Profiles, Application and Specification
13.4.3 Alere Inc. In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Performance (2015-2020)
13.5 Abbott Laboratories
13.5.1 Abbott Laboratories Basic Information
13.5.2 Abbott Laboratories Product Profiles, Application and Specification
13.5.3 Abbott Laboratories In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Performance (2015-2020)
13.6 Bayer AG
13.6.1 Bayer AG Basic Information
13.6.2 Bayer AG Product Profiles, Application and Specification
13.6.3 Bayer AG In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Performance (2015-2020)
13.7 Ortho-clinical Diagnostics
13.7.1 Ortho-clinical Diagnostics Basic Information
13.7.2 Ortho-clinical Diagnostics Product Profiles, Application and Specification
13.7.3 Ortho-clinical Diagnostics In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Performance (2015-2020)
14 Market Forecast - By Regions
14.1 North America In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Forecast (2020-2025)
14.2 Europe In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Forecast (2020-2025)
14.3 Asia-Pacific In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Forecast (2020-2025)
14.4 Middle East and Africa In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Forecast (2020-2025)
14.5 South America In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Forecast (2020-2025)
15 Market Forecast - By Type and Applications
15.1 Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Forecast by Types (2020-2025)
15.1.1 Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Forecast Production and Market Share by Types (2020-2025)
15.1.2 Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Forecast Value and Market Share by Types (2020-2025)
15.2 Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Forecast by Applications (2020-2025)
List of Tables and Figures
Figure In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Picture
Table In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Key Market Segments
Figure Study and Forecasting Years
Figure Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Size and Growth Rate 2015-2025
Figure Industry PESTEL Analysis
Figure Global COVID-19 Status
Figure Market Size Forecast Comparison of Pre COVID-19 and Post COVID-19
Figure Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Value ($) and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Table Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Value ($) by Countries (2015-2020)
Table Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Value Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)
Figure Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Value Market Share by Regions in 2019
Figure Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Production and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Table Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Production by Major Countries (2015-2020)
Table Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Production Market Share by Major Countries (2015-2020)
Figure Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Production Market Share by Regions in 2019
Figure Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Table Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Consumption by Regions (2015-2020)
Table Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Consumption Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)
Figure Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Consumption Market Share by Regions in 2019
Table Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Export Top 3 Country 2019
Table Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Import Top 3 Country 2019
Table United States In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Export and Import (2015-2020)
Table Europe In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Export and Import (2015-2020)
Table China In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Export and Import (2015-2020)
Table Japan In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Export and Import (2015-2020)
Table India In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Export and Import (2015-2020)
Table Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Production by Types (2015-2020)
Table Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Production Market Share by Types (2015-2020)
Figure Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Production Share by Type (2015-2020)
Table Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Value by Types (2015-2020)
Table Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Value Market Share by Types (2015-2020)
Figure Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Value Share by Type (2015-2020)
Figure Global Instruments Production and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Instruments Price (2015-2020)
Figure Global Reagents Production and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Reagents Price (2015-2020)
Table Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Consumption by Applications (2015-2020)
Table Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Consumption Market Share by Applications (2015-2020)
Figure Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Consumption Share by Application (2015-2020)
Figure Global Laboratories Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Hospitals Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Academic Institutes Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Point-of-Care Testing Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global Patient Self-Testing Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Global other end users Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure North America In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Table North America In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Consumption by Countries (2015-2020)
Table North America In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Consumption Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)
Figure North America In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Consumption Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)
Figure United States In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Canada In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Mexico In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure North America COVID-19 Status
Figure Europe In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Table Europe In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Consumption by Countries (2015-2020)
Table Europe In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Consumption Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)
Figure Europe In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Consumption Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)
Figure Germany In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure United Kingdom In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure France In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Italy In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Spain In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Europe COVID-19 Status
Figure Asia-Pacific In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Table Asia-Pacific In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Consumption by Countries (2015-2020)
Table Asia-Pacific In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Consumption Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)
Figure Asia-Pacific In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Consumption Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)
Figure China In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Japan In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure South Korea In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Southeast Asia In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure India In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure Asia Pacific COVID-19 Status
Figure Middle East and Africa In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Table Middle East and Africa In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Consumption by Countries (2015-2020)
Table Middle East and Africa In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Consumption Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)
Figure Middle East and Africa In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Consumption Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)
Figure Saudi Arabia In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure UAE In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure South Africa In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Figure South America In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Table South America In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Consumption by Countries (2015-2020)
Table South America In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Consumption Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)
Figure South America In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Consumption Market Share by Countries (2015-2020)
Figure Brazil In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Consumption and Growth Rate (2015-2020)
Table Siemens Middle East Limited Company Profile
Table Siemens Middle East Limited Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
Figure Siemens Middle East Limited Production and Growth Rate
Figure Siemens Middle East Limited Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table bioMerieux Moyen Orient Company Profile
Table bioMerieux Moyen Orient Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
Figure bioMerieux Moyen Orient Production and Growth Rate
Figure bioMerieux Moyen Orient Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Sysmex Middle East Company Profile
Table Sysmex Middle East Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
Figure Sysmex Middle East Production and Growth Rate
Figure Sysmex Middle East Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Alere Inc. Company Profile
Table Alere Inc. Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
Figure Alere Inc. Production and Growth Rate
Figure Alere Inc. Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Abbott Laboratories Company Profile
Table Abbott Laboratories Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
Figure Abbott Laboratories Production and Growth Rate
Figure Abbott Laboratories Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Bayer AG Company Profile
Table Bayer AG Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
Figure Bayer AG Production and Growth Rate
Figure Bayer AG Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Table Ortho-clinical Diagnostics Company Profile
Table Ortho-clinical Diagnostics Production, Value, Price, Gross Margin 2015-2020
Figure Ortho-clinical Diagnostics Production and Growth Rate
Figure Ortho-clinical Diagnostics Value ($) Market Share 2015-2020
Figure North America Market Consumption and Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)
Figure Europe Market Consumption and Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)
Figure Asia-Pacific Market Consumption and Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)
Figure Middle East and Africa Market Consumption and Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)
Figure South America Market Consumption and Growth Rate Forecast (2020-2025)
Table Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Forecast Production by Types (2020-2025)
Table Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Forecast Production Share by Types (2020-2025)
Table Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Forecast Value ($) by Types (2020-2025)
Table Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Forecast Value Share by Types (2020-2025)
Table Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Forecast Consumption by Applications (2020-2025)
Table Global In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Forecast Consumption Share by Applications (2020-2025)
Research Methodology:
In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) Market Size Estimation
To estimate market size and trends, we use a combination of top-down and bottom-up methods. This allows us to evaluate the market from various perspectives—by company, region, product type, and end users.
Our estimates are based on actual sales data, excluding any discounts. Segment breakdowns and market shares are calculated using weighted averages based on usage rates and average prices. Regional insights are determined by how widely a product or service is adopted in each area.
Key companies are identified through secondary sources like industry reports and company filings. We then verify revenue estimates and other key data points through primary research, including interviews with industry experts, company executives, and decision-makers.
We take into account all relevant factors that could influence the market and validate our findings with real-world input. Our final insights combine both qualitative and quantitative data to provide a well-rounded view. Please note, these estimates do not account for unexpected changes such as inflation, economic downturns, or policy shifts.
Data Source
Secondary Sources
This study draws on a wide range of secondary sources, including press releases, annual reports, non-profit organizations, industry associations, government agencies, and customs data. We also referred to reputable databases and directories such as Bloomberg, Wind Info, Hoovers, Factiva, Trading Economics, Statista, and others. Additional references include investor presentations, company filings (e.g., SEC), economic data, and documents from regulatory and industry bodies.
These sources were used to gather technical and market-focused insights, identify key players, analyze market segmentation and classification, and track major trends and developments across industries.
| Market Size |
|
|
| Market Position of Top Company |
|
|
| Qualitative Analysis |
|
|
Primary Sources
As part of our primary research, we interviewed a variety of stakeholders from both the supply and demand sides to gather valuable qualitative and quantitative insights.
On the supply side, we spoke with product manufacturers, competitors, industry experts, research institutions, distributors, traders, and raw material suppliers. On the demand side, we engaged with business leaders, marketing and sales heads, technology and innovation directors, supply chain executives, and end users across key organizations.
These conversations helped us better understand market segmentation, pricing, applications, leading players, supply chains, demand trends, industry outlook, and key market dynamics—including risks, opportunities, barriers, and strategic developments.
Key Data Information from Primary Sources
| Primary Sources | Parameters | Key Data |
| Market Segments(by Application, by Type) |
|
|
| Total Market |
|
|